Mental well-being is one of the elements that conditions physical well-being and contributes significantly to socio-economic development and the building of a peaceful society. In countries marked by crises of any nature, citizens find themselves in psychological distress and are unable to plan for the future. They are fighting only for survival and every man for himself wins the once harmonious communities. Mental disorders, probably unknown to the community concerned, arise and a vicious circle: mental health deficiency – psychosocial insecurity – poverty – violence. Burundi too, a densely populated country, has a history punctuated by cyclical socio-political crises, which can contribute to the occurrence of mental disorders. These mental disorders, whose manifestations are diverse, are little known and/or neglected by both victims and the community at different levels. Good mental health remains the key to socio-economic development and the building of a peaceful and prosperous society in all areas.Thus a scientific conference on mental health is organized by the Ministry of Public Health and the fight against AIDS in collaboration with the doctoral school of the University of Burundi with funding from Swiss cooperation in Burundi under the theme: “MENTAL HEALTH IN THE SERVICE OF PEACE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN BURUNDI”.